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Rosa
Luxemburg memorial (Berlin-Tiergarten)
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By Vicente Alonso-Fontelos
The female
PhD, Rosa Luxemburg, received her Doctor of Law degree, officially presented in
the spring of 1897 at the University of Zurich.
On January 15, 1919, one hundred years ago, the Social Democrat Friedrich Ebert ordered the nationalist paramilitary militia, the "Free Body" (Freikorps), to destroy the left-wing revolution. Rosa Luxemburg was captured in Berlin, being tortured and killed that same day. Rosa Luxemburg was shot down with rifle butts by several soldiers, four men then shot him in the back, and then shot in the head. His body was released to the Berlin's Landwehr Canal. It was an ignominious end for the famous female PhD and revolutionary.
“Freedom is always and exclusively freedom for the one who thinks differently.”[1]Paul Levi, her former lover, published in 1922 a pamphlet that she had written criticising the suppression of democracy in the Bolshevik revolution: The Russian Revolution.
“Without general elections, without unrestricted freedom of press and assembly, without a free struggle of opinion, life dies out in every public institution, becomes a mere semblance of life, in which only the bureaucracy remains as the active element. Public life gradually falls asleep, a few dozen party leaders of inexhaustible energy and boundless experience direct and rule. Among them, in reality only a dozen outstanding heads do the leading and an elite of the working class is invited from time to time to meetings where they are to applaud the speeches of the leaders, and to approve proposed resolutions unanimously – at bottom, then, a clique affair – a dictatorship.”[2]
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